Research Library
This is a list of all the papers using VRscores data.
VRscores: A New Measure and Data Set of Workforce Politics Using Voter Registrations
Max Kagan, Justin Frake, Reuben Hurst
Organization Science, 37(2), 444–465 (2026)
This paper introduces VRscores, a workplace-level measure of employee partisanship constructed by linking U.S. voter registrations to electronically available profiles of workers covering 2012 to 2024. The organizational-level dataset measures the partisanship of 24.5 million workers across more than 534,000 employers with at least five employees in our data. We release this…
Political Segregation in the US Workplace
Justin Frake, Reuben Hurst, Max Kagan
Conditionally accepted at Nature Human Behaviour
Using a novel dataset created by matching employment histories with voter registration data for 45.3 million workers, we provide the first large-scale estimate of workplace political segregation in the United States. We present four main findings. First, partisans are strongly segregated by workplace. The average Democrat's coworkers are 11.7 percentage points more Democratic…
Business on the Ballot: Employee Voting as Nonmarket Strategy
Can employees help firms compete in the nonmarket arena? Research on nonmarket strategy has recognized constituency building as a form of corporate political activity (CPA), but there has been limited investigation into whether and how firms can rely upon employees to support their political goals. While employees would seem a promising target for constituency building,…
Organizational Civic Culture: Workplaces as Engines of Democratic Participation
Reuben Hurst, Max Kagan, Matthew Lee, Justin Frake
Revise & Resubmit at Administrative Science Quarterly
Organizational cultures shape not only workplace outcomes but also civic life. While prior work has largely conceptualized civic culture within geographic units (e.g., country, state, or city), we introduce and evaluate the concept of organizational civic culture -- the norms and values within organizations of participation in democratic institutions beyond the workplace.…
Corporate Political Stances and Employee Turnover
James White, Reuben Hurst, Max Kagan
Revise & Resubmit at Management Science
We provide the first study investigating the relationship between corporate political stances and employee turnover. While prior studies suggest asymmetrically negative reactions from stakeholders misaligned with corporate stances, they have tended to examine behaviors that incur little cost to stakeholders. We argue that when it comes to turnover, where expressing opposition…